1. Remembering, deciding, planning, problem solving, and communicating ideas - the study of these mental processes is Cognitive Psychology, or thinking about thinking.
2. Being able to categorize (what's the same, what's different) is an important mental process. The categories we form in our mind are concepts, mental representations of related things.
3. We tend to have "prototypes" to help us categorize concepts (e.g., bird, chair).
4. A "violation of your expectations" is detected by the brain prior to even consciously being aware of it (taking a sip from a cup, or a computer). We all work from "schema" (mental maps) regarding how things should work.
5. When actions become automatic, it frees memory to pay attention to sense, meaning, structure.
6. A lot of research is being done on explanation and how experienced teachers get students to think. Glaser says that the more we understand about the human mind, the more we increase intelligence. He thinks of intelligence as the cognitive ability to learn and problem solve - it is a cognitive skill. Thus individuals can be taught to learn at higher proficiency levels and performance, and to teach themselves.
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